>> Please read our copyright notice before proceeding
2024 and In Press
Roy, E., ... , Chua, K.-W., Freeman, J.B., ... , Lai, C.K., & Axt, J.R. (in press). A contest study to reduce attractiveness-based discrimination in social judgment. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology.
PDF
Chwe, J.A., Lick, D.J., & Freeman, J.B. (in press). Reflexive activation of monoracial categories during multiracial categorization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Hong, Y., & Freeman, J. B. (2024). Shifts in facial impression structures across group boundaries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 15(6), 619-629.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Chwe, J.A., Vartiainen, H.I., & Freeman, J.B. (2024). A multidimensional neural representation of face impressions. Journal of Neuroscience. 44(39) 1-9.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. & Chwe, J.A. (2024). Social categorization: Looking towards the future. In D. Carlston, K.L. Johnson, & K. Hugenberg (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press (pp. 198-221).
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2024). US agency obstructs LGBTQ+ equity in science. Science, 384, 169.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Hong, Y., Chua, K-W., & Freeman, J.B. (2024). Reducing the reliance on facial stereotypes in consequential social judgments: Intervention success with White male faces. Psychological Science, 35, 351-359.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Chwe, J.A. & Freeman, J.B. (2024). Trustworthiness of crowds is gleaned in half a second. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 15, 351-359.
PDF | Supplementary Material
2022
Oh, D., Martin, J.D., & Freeman, J.B. (2022). Personality across world regions predicts variability in the structure of face impressions. Psychological Science, 33, 1240–1256.
PDF
Bin Meshar, M., Stolier, R.M., & Freeman, J.B. (2022). Facial stereotyping drives judgments of perceptually ambiguous social groups. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13, 1221–1229.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B., Johnson, K.L., & Stroessner, S.J. (2022). Accuracy in social judgment does not exclude the potential for bias: Commentary on Cesario. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 45, e75.
PDF
Harp, N.R., Freeman, J.B., & Neta, M. (2022). Mindfulness-based stress reduction triggers a long-term shift toward more positive appraisals of emotional ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 2160-2172.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2022). To fix LGBTQ+ disparities in science, we need the data. Nature, 612, 191.
PDF
Chua, K.-W. & Freeman, J.B. (2022). Learning to judge a book by its cover: Rapid acquisition of facial stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 98, 104225.
PDF | Supplementary Material
2021
Xie, S.Y., Flake, J.K., Stolier, R.M., Freeman, J.B., & Hehman, E. (2021). Facial impressions are predicted by the structure of group stereotypes. Psychological Science, 32, 1979–1993.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Chua, K-W. & Freeman, J.B. (2021). Facial stereotype bias is mitigated by training. Social Psychological and Personality Science.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B. (2021). STEM disparities we must measure. Science, 374, 1333-1334.
PDF
Oh, D., Walker, M., & Freeman, J.B. (2021). Person knowledge shapes face identity perception. Cognition, 217, 104889.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Barnett, B.O., Brooks, J.A., & Freeman, J.B. (2021). Stereotypes bias face perception via orbitofrontal-fusiform cortical interaction. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16, 302-314.
PDF
Neta, M., Berkebile, M.M., & Freeman, J.B. (2021). The dynamic process of ambiguous emotion perception. Cognition & Emotion, 35, 722-729.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Brooks, J.A., Stolier, R.M., & Freeman, J.B. (2021). Computational approaches to the neuroscience of social perception. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16, 827-837.
PDF
Jones, B.C., DeBruine, L.M., Flake, J.K., ... ,Stolier, R.M., Oh, D., Freeman, J.B., ... , & Coles, N.A. (2021). To which world regions does the valence-dominance model of social perception apply? Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 159–169.
PDF | Supplementary Material
2020
Freeman, J.B. (2020). Measuring and resolving LGBTQ disparities in STEM. Policy Insights from the Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 7, .141-148.
PDF
Stolier, R. M., Hehman, E. & Freeman, J. B. (2020). Trait Knowledge Forms a Common Structure across Social Cognition. Nature Human Behaviour. 4, 361-371.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B., Stolier, R.M., & Brooks, J.A. (2020). Dynamic Interactive Theory as a Domain-General Account of Social Perception. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 237-287.
PDF
2019
Brooks, J.A., Chikazoe, J., Sadato, N., & Freeman, J.B. (2019). The Neural Representation of Facial Emotion Categories Reflects Conceptual Structure. PNAS, 116 (32), 15861-15870.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Hehman E., Stolier R.M., Freeman J.B., Flake J.K., & Xie S.Y. (2019). Toward a Comprehensive Model of Face Impressions: What We Know, What We Do Not, and Paths Forward. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 13 (2), e12431.
PDF
Stillerman, B.S. & Freeman, J.B. (2019). Mouse-Tracking for Understanding Real-Time Cognitive Dynamics. In M. Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A. Kuhberger, & J. Johnson (Eds.), A Handbook of Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research, 2nd Edition. Taylor & Francis.
Link
Krendl, A.C. & Freeman, J.B. (2019). Are Mental Illnesses Stigmatized for the Same Reasons?: Identifying the Unique Stigma-related Traits Underlying Common Mental Illnesses. Journal of Mental Health, 28 (3), 267-275.
PDF
2018
Brooks, J.A. & Freeman, J.B. (2018). Conceptual Knowledge Predicts the Representational Structure of Facial Emotion Perception. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 581-591.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B., Stolier, R.M., Brooks, J.A., & Stillerman, B.A. (2018). The Neural Representational Geometry of Social Perception. Current Opinion in Psychology, 24, 83-91.
PDF
Stolier, R.M., Hehman, E., Keller, M.D., Walker, M., & Freeman, J.B. (2018). The Conceptual Structure of Face Impressions. PNAS, 115 (37). 9210-9215.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2018). Doing Psychological Science By Hand. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(5), 315-323.
PDF
Brooks, J.A., Stolier, R.M., & Freeman, J.B. (2018). Stereotypes Bias Visual Prototypes for Sex and Emotion Categories. Social Cognition, 36 (5), 481-493.
PDF
Stolier, R.M., Hehman, E.A., & Freeman, J.B. (2018).A Dynamic Structure of Social Trait Space. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22 (3), 197-200.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2018). LGBTQ scientists are still left out. Nature, 559, 27-28.
PDF
Brambilla, M. Biella, M., & Freeman, J.B. (2018). The Influence of Visual Context on the Evaluation of Facial Trustworthiness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 78, 34-42.
PDF
Hehman, E.A., Flake, J.K., & Freeman, J.B. (2018). The Faces of Group Members Share Physical Resemblance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44 (1), 3-15.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2018). The Dynamic-Interactive Model Approach to the Perception of Facial Emotion. In R. Davidson, A. Shackman, A. Fox, & R. Lapate, The Nature of Emotion, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press.
PDF
Brooks, J.A. & Freeman, J.B. (2018). The Psychology and Neuroscience of Person Perception. In J. Wixted, Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, 4th Edition. Wiley.
PDF
Lopez, R.B., Stillman, P.E., Heatherton, T.F., & Freeman, J.B. (2018). Minding One’s Reach (to Eat): The Promise of Computer Mouse-Tracking to Study Self-Regulation of Eating. Frontiers in Nutrition, 5 (43). 1-6.
PDF
2017
Brooks. J.A. & Freeman, J.B. (2017). Neuroimaging of Person Perception: A Social-Visual Interface. Neuroscience Letters. (special issue on Functional Imaging of the Emotional Brain). 693. 40-43.
PDF
Lick, D.J., Alter, A.L., & Freeman, J.B. (2017).Superior Pattern Detectors Efficiently Learn, Activate, Apply, and Update Social Stereotypes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 147 (2), 209-227.
PDF
Stolier, R.M. & Freeman, J.B. (2017). A Neural Mechanism of Social Categorization. Journal of Neuroscience, 37 (23), 5711-5721.
PDF
Cassidy, B.S., Sprout, G.T., Freeman, J.B., & Krendl, A.C. (2017). Looking the Part (to Me): Effects of Racial Prototypicality on Race Perception Vary By Prejudice. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12 (4), 685-694.
PDF
Stolier, R.M. & Freeman, J.B. (2017). Functional and Temporal Considerations for Top-Down Influences in Social Perception. Psychological Inquiry, 27 (4), 352-357.
PDF
2016
Lazerus, T., Ingbretsen, Z., Stolier, R.M., Freeman, J.B., & Cikara, M. (2016). Positivity Bias in Judging In-Group Members’ Emotional Expressions. Emotion, 16 (8), 1117-1125.
PDF
Stolier, R.M. & Freeman, J.B. (2016). Neural Pattern Similarity Reveals the Inherent Intersection of Social Categories. Nature Neuroscience, 19 (6), 795-797.
PDF | Supplementary Material | News & Views
Freeman, J.B. & Johnson, K.L. (2016). More Than Meets the Eye: Split-Second Social Perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20 (5). 362-374.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Pauker, K., & Sanchez, D.T. (2016). A Perceptual Pathway to Bias: Interracial Exposure Reduces Abrupt Shifts in Real-Time Race Perception That Predict Mixed-Race Bias. Psychological Science, 27 (4). 502-517.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Mattek, A.M., Whalen, P.J., Berkowitz, J.L., & Freeman, J.B. (2016). Differential Effects of Cognitive Load on Subjective Versus Motor Responses to Ambiguously Valenced Facial Expressions. Emotion, 16 (6), 929 - 936.
PDF
Rule, N.O., Johnson, K.L., & Freeman, J.B. (2016). Evidence for the Absence of Stimulus Quality Differences in Tests of the Accuracy of Sexual Orientation Judgments: A Reply to Cox et al. Journal of Sex Research, 54 (7). 813-819.
PDF
Stolier, R.M. & Freeman, J.B. (2016). The Neuroscience of Social Vision. In J. Cloutier & J. R. Absher (eds.), Neuroimaging Personality, Social Cognition and Character: Traits and Mental States in the Brain, 139-157. Elsevier.
PDF
Vinson, D.W., Abney, D.H., Amso, D., Chemero, T., Cutting, J.E., Dale, R., Freeman, J.B., Feldman, L.B., Friston, K., Gallagher, S., Jordan, J.S., Mudrik, L., Ondobaka, S., Richardson, D., Shams, L., Shiffrar, M., & Spivey, M. (2016). Perception, as You Make It. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39, e260.
PDF
2015
Freeman, J.B., Ma, Y., Barth, M., Young, S.G., Han, S., & Ambady, N. (2015).The Neural Basis of Contextual Influences on Face Categorization. Cerebral Cortex, 25 (2). 415-422.
PDF
Hehman, E., Flake, J.K, Freeman, J.B. (2015). Static and Dynamic Facial Cues Differentially Impact the Consistency of Social Evaluations. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. 41 (8), 1123-1134.
PDF
Carpinella, C.M., Hehman, E., Freeman, J.B., Johnson, K.L. (2015). The Gendered Face of Partisan Politics: Consequences of Facial Sex-Typicality for Vote Choice. Political Communication, 33 (1), 1-15.
PDF
Chen, P.-H. A., Whalen, P. J., Freeman, J. B., Taylor, J.M., & Heatherton, T.F. (2015). Brain Reward Activity to Masked In-Group Smiling Faces Predicts Friendship Development. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8 (4), 415-421.
PDF
Chen, P.-H.A., Heatherton, T.F., & Freeman, J.B. (2015). Brain-as-Predictor Approach: An Alternative Way to Explore Acculturation Processes. In J.E. Warnick & D. Landis, Handbook of Intercultural Relations Neuroscience. 143-170. Springer.
PDF
2014
Ambady, N. & Freeman, J. B. (2014). The Cultural Neuroscience of Human Perception. In M. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences, 5th Edition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
PDF
Cloutier, J., Freeman, J.B., & Ambady, N. (2014). Investigating the Early Stages of Person Perception: The Asymmetry of Social Categorization By Sex vs. Age. PLoS ONE, 9 (1), e84677.
Link
Freeman, J. B., Stolier, R. M., Ingbretsen, Z.A., & Hehman, E. (2014). Amygdala Responsivity to High-Level Social Information From Unseen Faces. Journal of Neuroscience, 34 (32), 10573-10581.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. & Stolier, R.M. (2014). The Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Constructing Personality Models. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18 (11), 571-572.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. (2014). Abrupt Category Shifts During Real-Time Person Perception. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21 (1), 85-92.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2014). The Dynamic Interactive Model of Person Construal: Coordinating Sensory and Social Processes. In J. Sherman, B. Gawronski, & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual Process Theories of the Social Mind. 235-248. New York: The Guilford Press.
PDF
Hehman, E., Ingbretsen, Z.A., & Freeman, J.B. (2014). The Neural Basis of Stereotypic Impact on Multiple Social Categorization. NeuroImage, 101, 704-711.
PDF
Hehman, E., Carpinella, C.M., Johnson, K.L., Leitner, J.B., & Freeman, J.B. (2014). Early Processing of Gendered Facial Cues Predicts the Electoral Success of Female Politicians. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 815-824.
PDF | Video
Hehman, E., Leitner, J.B., Freeman, J.B. (2014). The Face-Time Continuum: Lifespan Changes in Facial Width-to-Height Ratio Impact Aging-Associated Perceptions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(12), 1624-1636.
PDF
Hehman, E., Stolier, R.M., & Freeman, J.B. (2014). Advanced Mouse-Tracking Analytic Techniques for Enhancing Psychological Science. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations [special issue on Statistical and Methodological Advances]. 1-18.
PDF
Powers, K.E., Worsham, A.L., Freeman, J.B., Wheatley, T., & Heatherton, T.F. (2014). Social Connection Modulates Perceptions of Animacy. Psychological Science, 25 (10), 1943-1948.
PDF
Rule, N.O., Tskhay, T., Freeman, J.B., & Ambady, N. (2014). On the Interactive Influence of Facial Appearance and Explicit Knowledge in Social Categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44 (6), 529-535.
PDF
2013
Freeman, J.B. (2013). Within-Cultural Variation and the Scope of Cultural Neuroscience [Commentary on Chiao et al.]. Psychological Inquiry, 24 (1), 26-30.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Ma, Y., Han, S., & Ambady, N. (2013). Influences of Culture and Visual Context on Real-Time Social Categorization. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49 (2), 206-210.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B. & Dale, R. (2013). Assessing Bimodality to Detect the Presence of a Dual Cognitive Process. Behavior Research Methods, 45 (1), 83-97.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Nakayama, K., & Ambady, N. (2013). Finger in Flight Reveals Parallel Categorization Across Multiple Social Dimensions. Social Cognition, 31 (6), 792-805.
PDF
Pauker, K., Ambady, N., & Freeman, J.B.(2013). The Power of Identity to Motivate Face Memory in Biracial Individuals. Social Cognition, 31 (6), 780-791.
PDF
Pfister, R., Schwarz, K.A., Janczyk, M., Dale, R., & Freeman, J.B. (2013). Good Things Peak in Pairs: A Note on the Bimodality Coefficient. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 700.
PDF
Rule, N.O., Freeman, J.B., & Ambady, N. (2013). Culture in Social Neuroscience: A Review. Social Neuroscience, 8 (1), 3-10.
PDF
2012
Farmer, T.A., Anderson, S.E., Freeman, J.B., & Dale, R. (2012). Coordinating Motor Actions and Language. In P. Pyykkonen & M. W. Crocker (Eds.), Visually Situated Language Comprehension. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Link
Freeman, J.B., Johnson, K.L., Adams, R.B., & Ambady, N. (2012). The Social-Sensory Interface: Category Interactions in Person Perception. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, e81.
PDF
Johnson, K.L., Freeman, J.B., & Pauker, K. (2012). Race Is Gendered: How Covarying Phenotypes and Stereotypes Bias Sex Categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102 (1), 116-131.
PDF
Rule, N.O., Adams, R.B., Ambady, N., & Freeman, J.B. (2012). Perceptions of Dominance Following Glimpses of Faces and Bodies. Perception, 41 (6), 687-706.
PDF
2011
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2011). A Dynamic Interactive Theory of Person Construal. Psychological Review, 118 (2), 247-279.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., Midgley, K.J., & Holcomb, P.J. (2011). The Real-Time Link Between Person Perception and Action: Brain Potential Evidence for Dynamic Continuity. Social Neuroscience, 6 (2), 139-155.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2011). Hand Movements Reveal the Time-Course of Shape and Pigmentation Processing in Face Categorization. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 705-712.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2011). When Two Become One: Temporally Dynamic Integration of the Face and Voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47 (1), 259-263.
PDF | Supplementary Material
Freeman, J.B., Penner, A.M., Saperstein, A., Scheutz, M., & Ambady, N. (2011). Looking the Part: Social Status Cues Shape Race Perception. PLoS ONE, 6 (9), e25107.
PDF | Video
Freeman, J.B., Dale, R., & Farmer, T.A. (2011). Hand in Motion Reveals Mind in Motion. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 59.
PDF
Rule, N.O., Freeman, J.B., & Ambady, N. (2011). Brain and Behavior in Cultural Context: Insights From Cognition, Perception, and Emotion. In S. Han & E. Poeppel (Eds.) Culture and identity: Neural frames of social cognition. New York: Springer.
Link
Rule N.O., Moran J.M., Freeman J.B., Gabrieli J.D.E., Whitfield-Gabrieli S., & Ambady N. (2011). Face Value: Amygdala Response Reflects the Validity of First Impressions. NeuroImage, 54 (1), 734-741.
PDF
2010
Adams, R.B., Franklin, R., Rule, N.O., Freeman, J.B., Kveraga, K., Hadjikhani, N., Yoshikawa, S., & Ambady, N. (2010). Culture, Gaze, and the Neural Processing of Fear Expressions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5 (2-3), 340-348.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Rule, N.O., Adams, R.B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2010). The Neural Basis of Categorical Face Perception: Graded Representations of Face Gender in Fusiform and Orbitofrontal Cortices. Cerebral Cortex, 20 (6) 1314-1322.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Johnson, K.L., Ambady, N., & Rule, N.O. (2010). Sexual Orientation Perception Involves Gendered Facial Cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36 (10), 1318-1331.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Schiller, D., Rule, N.O., & Ambady, N. (2010). The Neural Origins of Superficial and Individuated Judgments About Ingroup and Outgroup Members. Human Brain Mapping, 31 (1) , 150-159.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Pauker, K., Apfelbaum, E.P., & Ambady, N. (2010). Continuous Dynamics in the Real-Time Perception of Race. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46 (1), 179-185.
PDF
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2010). Mousetracker: Software for Studying Real-Time Mental Processing Using a Computer Mouse-Tracking Method. Behavior Research Methods, 42 (1) , 226-241.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., & Holcomb, P.J. (2010). The Face-Sensitive N170 Encodes Social Category Information. NeuroReport, 21 (1), 24-28.
PDF
Johnson, K.L. & Freeman, J.B. (2010). A “New Look” at Person Construal: Seeing Beyond Dominance and Discreteness. In E. Balcetis & D. Lassiter (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Visual Perception. New York: Psychology Press.
Link
Rule, N.O., Freeman, J.B., Moran, J.M., Gabrieli, J.D.E., Adams, R.B., & Ambady, N. (2010). Voting Behavior Is Reflected in Amygdala Response Across Culture. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5 (1-2), 349-355.
PDF
2009
Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2009). Motions of the Hand Expose The Partial and Parallel Activation of Stereotypes. Psychological Science, 20(10) , 1183-1188.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Rule, N.O., Adams, R.B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2009). Culture Shapes a Mesolimbic Response to Signals of Dominance and Subordination That Associates With Behavior. NeuroImage, 47 (1), 353-359.
PDF
Freeman, J.B., Rule, N.O., & Ambady, N. (2009). The Cultural Neuroscience of Person Perception Progress in Brain Research, 178, 191-201.
PDF
Schiller, D., Freeman, J.B., Mitchell, J.P., Uleman, J.S., & Phelps, E.A. (2009). A Neural Mechanism of First Impressions. Nature Neuroscience, 12 (4), 508-514.
PDF
2008
Freeman, J.B., Ambady, N., Rule, N.O., & Johnson, K.L. (2008). Will a Category Cue Attract You? Motor Output Reveals Dynamic Competition Across Person Construal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 673-690.
PDF